Language Learning Styles And Strategies English Language Essay

Language Learning Styles And Strategies English Language Essay Dr Georgi Lazanov, a Bulgarian advocate of the quickened learning attested that human learning is the fundamental and natual work simpler than breathing and strolling (as refered to in Prashnig, 2004). This is by all accounts right to learning a language as a native language since we were brought into the world with a similar capacity of learning our first language so the greater part of us gain and get familiar with our first language effectively and normally. Be that as it may, the desire isn't the equivalent to getting and learning a second or unknown dialect. In my vocation of English language educating, I have seen various understudies who gain next to no ground in their language learning though the others get improved rapidly and obviously. Althought most understudies have gotten commonly comparable language instruction at schools or colleges, they show contrasts in proficency and fitness in utilizing the objective language. Anyway, for what reason are some effective and the ot hers neglect to get great accomplishment in their learning? For what reason do those understudies can talk well in the objective language however the others can not impart fluenctly and certainly? Is it since some are more brilliant than the others? what makes the distinctions among these understudies? Various investigates on these issues have demonstrated that every understudy favors diverse learning styles and their learning styles sway on the trategies they apply to their learning. This outcomes in learning styles just as learning methodologies influencing the understudies learning accomplishment (Ehrman Oxford, 1988). This revelation affirms Georgi Lazanovs conviction that learning involves attidude not apptitude. The significance of learning styles and stategies have been generally perceived in language learning and increasingly more examination has been done on them . Meanings of terms. As indicated by Brown (2000, p. 113). Style is the term used to allude predictable and rather suffering inclinations and inclinations an individual has. Styles are attributes of scholarly working that make an individual extraordinary. Styles described a people ordinary method of thingking and feeling Technique is the term used to allude a strategy for moving toward a prolem and an activity used to accomplish a specific objective. Various individuals utilized fluctuated techniques to tackle their own issues and the methodologies they use probably won't be a similar time by time. A decent language student to Joan Rubin ( 1975, pp. 46-48): is a willing and precise guesser. He utilizes proper approaches to see and procedure data. He acknowledges vulnerability and he is adaptable and agreeable in applying his capacity of speculating to investigate for and get the importance of the correspondence from the pieces of information that he is offerd in the setting in mix with utilizing his social and semantic schemata. has solid inspiration to convey. He is happy to include himself in imparting by utilizing any methods, for example, circumvention, motions, spelling, summarizing, innovatively framing new words from the first ones.to express his significance or to communicate as the need should arise. isn't hindered. He is eager to commit error since he accepts botches are a piece of language learning process. He gains from his own missteps by attempting to get them and abstain from rehashing them. is set up to go to frame. While a typical student tends to percieve what they are instructed in the course readings or exercises in the study hall, a decent language student looks for something different past them. He is continually searching for designs in the language by dissecting, classifying and incorporating it. rehearses what he has realized or obtained. He discover the chances to utilize the language when possiple in class as well as outside the study hall. screens his own discourse and the discourse of others. He assesses his exhibition by mornitoring his own discourse and getting input from the audience members. He additionally mornitors the others to perceive how they utilize the language in comparision with the norms he has been educated. takes care of significance. He focuses on the types of discourse or sentence structure as well as the significance of the language by arranging the importance of the message in differenct settings. Proclamation about the foundation of the students in the examination and the exploration questions The students are ongoing alumni or experienced architects from various pieces of Vietnam enrolled to work for tasks of Petrovietnam. They have gotten almost identical English language instruction at school and at college. Notwithstanding, after graduation they are at various English capability levels. Like a large portion of the other Vietnamese understudies, they can barely communicate in English. Some of them even can not peruse out loud an English perusing text easily. This is the most widely recognized issue for English language students in Vietnam. They are sent to PVMTC to take a unique course to improve their specialized information and English abilities, particularly aptitude, to play out their activity along with outside specialists in their field at modern offices or in workplaces. They have five classes per week and each class goes on for four hours. They are very roused in light of the fact that after the course, they are relied upon to accomplish at any rate 650 checks o n TOIEC and to be acceptable at correspondence in all conditions so as to be designated to various proper situations at their working spot. The learning targets of the course are clear and CLT approach is picked to apply in encouraging the understudies with the goal that they can improve their open abilities in English. Before doing the course, the school give them a situation test to classify their English capability levels and put them in the diffirent fitting classes in like manner. The understudies have various mentalities and behaviuor to their language learning as is their learning adequacy. The high capability understudies generally seem to gain better ground, their learning result shows up superior to the low capability understudies, and particularly, their talking abilities get improved clearly. Along these lines, my investigation serves to discover the responses to the accompanying inquiries: What has the effect between the understudies of low and high language capability level? What is the distinction of language learning system use between EFL understudies of high and low capability levels in learning English talking in Petrovietnam Manpower Training College (PVMTC) in Vietnam? What can an instructor do to help these leaners of diffirent learning styles use and consolidate various kinds of techniques in their English talking learning? Being not the same as learning styles, language learning methodologies can be most likely prepared to the students. Ideally, the finding of the examination and its pragmatic ramifications could help language educators in their instructing. Liturature Review Language learning styles Learning styles are prefered ways to deal with learning, nature of a student and the manners in which the person in question sees and procedures data, the particular ways that an individual obtains, holds, and recovers data (Felder Henriques, 1995), intrinsic and inescapable qualities of a specific individual or a gathering of individuals (Willing, 1988), liked or habital examples of mental working and managing new data (Ehrman and Oxford, 1990), methods for procuring knowdlege and aptitudes, propensities, methodologies, normal mental practices concerning learning an individual presentations (Pritchard, 2008). Or on the other hand as per Keefe (as refered to in Griggs, 1991), learning styles are the composite of trademark intellectual, full of feeling, and physiological components that fill in as generally stable markers of how a student sees, collaborates with, and reacts to the learning condition. Various specialists have various meanings of the learening styles relying upon their view of learning and instruction brain research. So there are additionally unique component of learning styles and in excess of twenty dimentions of learning styles have been known so far concentrating on social, physical, environtmental inclination, character type, intellectual capacity. In this paper, I might want notice the two models of learning styles that are generally identified with language learning. VARK-Visual, Aural, Read-Write and Kinethetic Neil Fleming (1987) arranged students as per their inclination in the methods of getting, holding and preparing the contribution just as playing out the yield. Visual students learn through observing and like utilizing the words that they can imagine their pictures. In the homeroom, they are typically fretful. They tend to interupt the others while they are talking however they are acceptable at talking and convincing. Sound-related students are great audience members. They like verbal clarification and data in expressed words. They think in a direct manner and they talk gradually. Peruse compose students appreciate composing and perusing. They feel increasingly great with any information or yield in type of writings. Kinethetic students learn through manual activity utilizing faculties. They attempt new things and they gain from the mistakes they make. They will in general like managing genuine issues yet they are not exceptionally hazardous in settling on choice. The Index of Learning Styles The well known model of Learning Styles created by Richard Felder and Linda Silverman 1988 devived the learning styles into four measurements demonstrating the manners by which the students see the world. Detecting and instinctive (Perception measurement): Detecting students lean toward learning the realities. They learn best with certain and genuine data. They will in general take care of issues in a typical manner and they abhor inconveniences. Natural students lean toward finding posibilities and connections. They will in general like finding the significance. Data of origination, creation and hypothesis pull in them most. They don't care for repeatition. Dynamic and intelligent (Processing measurement) Dynamic students lean toward doing. They see well and keep in their psyche the given

Review of the Book Economics in One Lesson Essay

Audit of the Book Economics in One Lesson - Essay Example Lamentably, more often than not this reality is constantly covered up in light of the fact that terrible credits made by the administration are covered up in most government spending. Then again, when banks breakdown because of terrible advances, it is reported everywhere throughout the news. Political contemplations further conceal the awful credits because of government loaning. This doesn't occur in the private division except if the firm being referred to is influenced by a politically roused enactment. The people group fortification act is a case of an enactment that advocates for credits to people who don't qualify. The book refers to the Bush organization tries to guarantee that banks loan more cash. In view of the present occasions, Hazlitt contends that levies, for example, NAFTA are hurting the economy. Hazlitt expresses that the two customers and makers are harmed by the levies. His contention is something contrary to the normal thought that levy influences customers as it were. He clarifies that duty powers buyers to pay a lot higher than they could have needed to pay without it. This implies the additional dollar spent because of the levy could have been utilized somewhere else. Hence, this prevents makers from claiming different merchandise and ventures that dollar. Taxes are planned for shielding nearby ventures against rivalry from outside merchandise. Then again, imports are acceptable on the grounds that they give different nations nearby cash essential for purchasing local merchandise Hazlitt tends to the monetary effect of government activities and stays quiet on protectionism because of national security. He expresses that the genuine addition from remote exchange for any nation lies in its imports and not its fares (Tom the Redhunter para 11). He bolsters his announcement by contending that businesspeople imports items since they are less expensive for the customers contrasted with residential products.... This paper offers a thorough survey of the book Economics in One Lesson by Henry Hazlitt. The book acquaints the regular man with straightforward and clear financial idea. The creator doesn't question open program spending yet dismisses the utilization of open ventures as an arrangement of infusing cash into the economy. He contends that open undertakings ought to be legitimized dependent on their significance to the economy. In light of the present occasions, Hazlitt contends that levies, for example, NAFTA are hurting the economy. Hazlitt expresses that the two customers and makers are harmed by the levies. His contention is something contrary to the basic idea that duty influences purchasers as it were. He clarifies that levy powers buyers to pay a lot higher than they could have needed to pay without it. Hazlitt tends to the monetary effect of government activities and stays quiet on protectionism because of national security. He expresses that the genuine addition from outside exchange for any nation lies in its imports and not its fares. The book likewise addresses the error that cost of creation decides the market costs. Hazlitt contends that request and flexibly decides the market cost. Bailouts are important to spare falling businesses. The book lays accentuation on the significance of broad investigation of both essential and auxiliary outcomes of proposed approaches. The free economy should be restored by evacuating superfluous government intercession yet at the same time keep up significant interventionism. The administration needs to gain from past errors in order to settle on better educated choices later.

Improving Your Working Memory When You Have ADD

Improving Your Working Memory When You Have ADD ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print Improving Your Working Memory With ADD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on February 15, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Thomas Barwick/Stone/Getty Images Research suggests that mental exercises may increase working memory in individuals with ADD/ADHD.?? Read on to learn more about working memory and ways to improve it. Many people with ADD/ADHD have difficulty with working memory. They may have difficulty with recall, focusing, organization, and distinguishing between important and unimportant cues. They may distract easily, become forgetful, or have difficulty getting started on tasks. Lengthy multiple-step directions are often frustrating and impossible to follow. Training working memory can help improve a persons ability to concentrate, control impulsive behaviors, and strengthen problem-solving skills. What Is Working Memory? Working memory is a “temporary storage system” in the brain that holds several facts or thoughts while solving a problem or performing a task. Working memory helps individuals hold information long enough to use it in the short term, focus on a task, and remember what to do next. Dr. Torkel Klingberg, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, and a leading researcher on working memory, notes that working memory deficits in individuals with ADHD “can explain why they forget the ‘internal plan’ of what they are supposed to do next, or forget what they should focus their attention on.” How Memory Works Dr. Klingberg’s research paper, Computerized Training of Working Memory in Children with ADHD, indicates that working memory can be strengthened.?? Working memory is like plasticâ€"flexible, moveable, and trainable, similar to our muscles. It can be improved with “exercise” and training. You can find various working memory challenges online. You may be tested for your ability to recall visual patterns or to recall auditory information. How to Work on Your Working Memory Try the following sites. The Memory Gym: The memory gym includes challenges with flashing numbers, spoken numbers, flashing cards, flashing shapes, flashing words, and counting dots. How well can you do? Be sure to click on the tips for memorizing.Brain Teasers: Teasers from SharpBrains.com; “It is always good to stimulate our minds and to learn a bit about how our brains work.” Check out the site to try challenges involving attention, memory, pattern recognition and planning, visual teasers, logic, and math. The site even includes fun experiments to help demonstrate how our brains work. 7 Easy Ways to Improve Your Memory

The Problem Of Child Welfare Agencies Essay - 2171 Words

Child welfare agencies today are facing numerous amounts of challenges that are affecting children who are increasing entering into the system and their families. One of the main problems that children and their families are facing is the attention, services and resources to strengthening their family and the decline in foster care for children who needs adequate care. Sacramento, California has seen a drastic drop of children in the foster care for the past decade, but there has also been a decline in need for high quality foster care parents (Gutierrez, (2013). California’s decreases its’ cut of children going into the system by nearly half during the past decade, even though there is still a significantly high amount of children in the system. California is the leading nation with the largest foster care population in the country. In four major bay area counties such Santa Clara, San Francisco, Alameda and Contra Costa were among the leading cities in California to cutting their numbers of children going into foster care. With Alameda in the lead at sixty-six percent, Santa Clara at sixty-one percent, San Francisco at fifty-nine percent and Contra Costa in fifty-four percent; that is seventy-three hundreds fewer kids in the foster care system for those counties (Gutierrez, (2013). There were other counties that came in behind the other four counties that nearly cut their number of children going into the foster care system by a fourth, were Fresno and SacramentoShow MoreRelatedStrengthening The Foster Care and Adoption System Essays1319 Words   |  6 Pagesheartbreak, anguish and other problems that can be associated with adoption. There is an imbalance in the Nations foster care system and the system needs to be strengthening and the quality of services improved. 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The Vaccination Of A Vaccine - 1586 Words

Every day, someone is saved because of a vaccination. A vaccine is a preventive drug that uses a small ratio of a dead or weakened virus and is designed to improve a person’s immunity and chances of survival. A vaccine is administered in one of three ways: (1) via syringe and needle injected into a muscle, (2) a nasal spray though the sinus canals, or (3) a liquid that is ingested via mouth. If a person is getting a polio vaccine, for example, then the vaccine would be made up of the the weakened or dead virus of polio and administered as mentioned above. The body then reacts to the virus creating an antibody to be produced and used by your immune system; the antibody’s job is to identify and neutralize the virus if the body is ever exposed to again. While no vaccine is 100% effective, most routine childhood vaccinations are approximately 85% to 95% effective (CDC). 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Political Decentralization and the Local Government System Free Essays

The final tier of elected government is the district (Gila) council. The district council insisted of all the (directly elected) union council Nazism in the district. The head of district council, the district Nazism and district naif-Nazism are indirectly elected. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Decentralization and the Local Government System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another aspect of representation in Devolution Plan is the creation of Citizen Community Boards (CBS) in both rural and urban areas. The CBS were expected to initiate and manage their own development projects, with 25 percent of the district development funds set aside for their use. They are Voluntary organizations’ formed by citizens themselves. Source: (Schema, Jaws, Qatar, 2005) 3. 3 Characteristics of Current Local Government System . Restructuring of Government Pakistan. † (Abaft Hussy, 2010). Schema, 2005 discussed that the elected government and provincial administration have been integrated at the district and Thesis levels, the division abolished altogether and the local level provincial administration has been made accountable to elected officials at the local level. Moreover, majority of public services that were previously under the provincial government have been transferred to local government increasing their scope and responsibilities. B. Provincial to Local Decentralization with No Federal Decentralization The other side of he picture is, all the authority and power which have been distributed in local governments came from provincial government, no power transferred from federal government to either provincial or local governments. C. Integration of Rural and Urban In pre-devolution period, there was a sharp distinction between rural and urban governments. But in post-devolution, it is no longer there as the administrative unit is union council which includes several towns and villages. D. Electoral Process Prior to devolution, members of urban local councils and district councils were directly elected and then they elected their heads of respective councils. Under the devolution, both the members and heads of the lowest level of government, the union council, are elected through public vote as before. But the new legislation has created inter-governmental linkages by ensuring that the majority (two-thirds) of the members of the Thesis and district councils are these elected heads. However, within the devolved departments, â€Å"not all functions were devolved and certain activities remain within the provincial purvey. † (Schema, Jaws, Qatar, 2005). A closer look at these changes and differences has been provided below. 3. 4 Changes under Political Decentralization Schema (2005) discussed in detail the changes brought in by devolution of power plan. These are the changes in level of decision making, administration, accountability and fiscal resources available. While this paper only covers changes in level of decision making and accountability of representative governments as focusing on political decentralization. A. Change in Decision Making Level Before devolution, provincial government was more powerful and took all the decisions. But devolution plan distributed this power of decision making among local elected governments. For example, a service may have been under purvey of rabbinical elected government but after devolution it is transferred to local elected government. One thing to be noted is that this involves change in level of decision level of decision making power can be different depending upon the scale of service. Schema (2005) described the level changes in many different categories as under: a. Province to province b. Province to district c. Province to Thesis/Town d. Urban/ Rural Local Council to Thesis e. Urban/ Rural Local Council to District b. Change in Accountability Devolution also changed the decision maker’s accountability keeping the decision making power on the same level. These are the changes where decision of a particular service is now made by the agent who differs in his accountability to public. Prior to devolution, provincial bureaucracy was accountable to their non- elected provincial secretariat, while under the new system they are accountable to the elected heads of district and Thesis governments. For example, decision of some service might be taken at district level by bureaucrats before devolution, while decision are still made on the district level but by the elected district representative. So accountability of that service is now closer to the voters who elected their preventatives. The most significant accountability change is that the De facto head of district administration under the previous system, the deputy commissioner (DC), used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present system the head of the district administration, the District Coordination Officer (DOC) reports to the elected district Nazism. Schema 2005 summarized the discussion stating â€Å"the ultimate decision maker changed from a provincial government district officer who reported to the provincial bureaucracy, to an elected Nazism who ultimately is answerable to his district’s constituents. 3. 5 Analysis Critics on Current Local Government System and POLO 2001 Devolution plan is a revolutionary step in the history of decentralization in Pakistan but the structure of system of representation created a number of problems also (Abaft Hussy, 2010). Direct election in a particular constituency limited the attention of union Nazism to union specific develop ment schemes and they did not pay attention to their role as Thesis and District council members. This resulted in holistic and fragmented union council level projects rather than district or Thesis bevel. The structure of the electoral system also caused reverse campaigning; instead of directly elected union councilors campaigning for elections, there are cases of union Nazism campaigning for their respective union councilors. This secures the future re-election of union Nazism if the union councilor of his choice gets elected as Nazism are to be selected later indirectly (Hessian, 2008). Since political parties had been bypassed and caste-based candidates were now pitted against each other, the elections reinforced traditional hostilities at the local level. To a large extent, â€Å"such a yester of patronage and hostility defeated the opportunities for rural areas to participate in decision making and to demand better services from the state† (Abaft Hussy, 2010). Another major problem with the system of representation that was promulgated through the Devolution plan was the lack of checks and balances between and across elected bodies. The accountability of district Nazism is almost council headed by naif-Nazism rarely goes counter to Nazism. The most important issue facing elected bodies was the clash of interests with representative provincial governments. The Devolution plan of 2000 had been prepared without consultation with stakeholders particularly provinces, at the time national and provincial assemblies had been dissolved. When these assemblies were revived, local tier had been added according to devolution plan. On that time there was no political ownership of newly created local governments which led provincial governments to interfere in both policy making and implementation at the district level (Abaft Hussy, 2010). Citizen Community Boards (CBS) were a great way for the representation in local government, but they became functional to a certain degree, to quite in the way envisioned in the Devolution plan. Usually â€Å"CBS have become splinter groups lobbying for small investment projects and often captured by local elites or contractors looking for project funding† (Abaft Hussy, 2010) 4. To characterize decentralization in the country â€Å"all these components (political, fiscal and administrative) must complement each other to produce more responsive local governments that will deliver effective, efficient and sustainable services and maintain fiscal discipline† (Never, 2001). Never provided a set of questions for each component of decentralization in order to assess the level of decentralization. Considering the scope to this paper only political decentralization is being assessed in context of Pakistan using the indicators given by Never. With the descriptive answers, every situation has been given marks out of 10 (’10’ is best/strong yes while ‘O’ is worst/strong No) in relevance to the description. 1 . Are governments elected? Yes generally governments are elected as long as military take over and dissolved in the ill situation of law and order and bad governance. 10) 2. Are there multi-party elections? Yes elections are multi-party; there are a number of small medium and large, old and new political parties which participate in general elections. (10) 3. Are ballots cast secretly in government elections? According to constitution, ballots are and should be cast secretly in all the areas. Exception prevails at some electoral stations which are under a high influence of some political parties but such areas are very few in number. (08) 4. Are elections held at regular intervals? 2008-13 is the first time in history of Pakistan when elected National government employed its 5-years tenure and elections were held after exact five years that is in May 2013. Before this, military has been taking over in the situation of bad governance and ill law and order. (03) 5. Are elections free and fair? There has been a big question mark on the fairness of elections as there are a few old political parties which have been controlling the country politics for a long time. Moreover, every party has its area of influence in which it can use its power and influence people and sometimes elections also. (05) 6. Is the head of local government elected directly, indirectly or appointed? According to electoral process defined by the Devolution plan which has been discussed earlier, head of local at keeping a check on local corruption? In real practice, civil society has no power to keep check and balance on local elected representatives. They are Just elected locally but they are not in control of or accountable to the general public as envisioned in the Devolution Plan. (00) 5. The Devolution of Power Plan which has been promulgated through Local Government Ordinance 2001 is a revolutionary step in the history of decentralization in Pakistan. Mustard introduced a number of reforms which helped in reducing the AP between state and civil society. All the powers distributed to the newly created lower tiers came through provincial government without distributing the powers of federal government. Provincial governments which used to be very powerful tier become less authoritative as local tiers were directly connected with the center. Initially local governments were given constitutional protection of six years against any kind of amendments but later some political powers, which got affected by the direct linkage of local government with center, made amendments to recover some of the lost powers. The reverse campaigning because of structure of government affects fairness of electoral process as Nazism campaigns for their own union councilors to secure their future elections rather than union councilors campaigning for the elections. This promotes sense of self benefits among the union councilors and the interests of community are ignored. Though the Devolution plan transferred powers to local tiers and empowered local communities at very bottom level but still there are some issues which hinder the efficiency of plan and limited the benefits to the citizens of Pakistan. The assessment of political decentralization in Pakistan on the basis of Never indicators shows that political system is well decentralized at least on the policy documents but in real practice issues of transparency and accountability exist. There are still some gaps in the real practice as civil society is still lacking the actual power to keep checks and balances on the representatives. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS All the powers and authority distributed at local level has been taken from province while center keeps all the authority and decision making power as it is including sisal authorities. There should be distribution of powers of center as well in order to develop a balance between center-province and province-district relation. In real practice, plan has not work up to the mark because of absence of transparency in the system particularly in financial matters. There should be complete transparent system which allows common public to look into the country’s on-going matters. Voters should have power to keep check and balance on the decisions made by their representatives as they are the one who elected them through electoral process. How to cite Political Decentralization and the Local Government System, Papers

Roman Religion free essay sample

Roman religion played a fundamental role in most aspects of Roman society. It was a polytheistic religion with many gods, each with their own specific role. The Roman religion emerged from the worship of Numina and was combined with elements from the religions of surrounding countries. It could be divided into state and private religion. The two strands of religion each have their own ceremonies and significance. Fate is another important strand of Roman religion which had an impact on the Roman people. The main belief of Roman religion was that if the gods were happy, then they would ensure that the Romans had good fortune. Roman religion emerged from the beliefs of the early Roman people combined with other neighbouring country’s beliefs. The early Roman people lived in an agricultural society. Their livelihood depended on the weather and other elements which were out of their control. Drought could lead to crops failing and food shortages while the dangers of child birth affected the birth rate of the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Numina were their way of explaining these dangers as they didn’t have science. Numina were nature spirits which lived in streams, rocks, trees and other aspects of the natural environment. They were believed to have the ability to control nature and event in human life. They were neutral and could harm or help whoever they wanted. The Romans believed if they prayed or sacrificed to the Numina at small alters then they could gain their favour or at least avoid offending them. It was from this early Roman religion that the main view of worship as a contract came. If you worshipped the gods then they would help you. From the Etruscans to the north came temples and divination while from the Greeks who lived in Italy came the 12 Olympians and their myths. The Olympians became the Pantheon gods who were important in state religion. It was the second king of Rome, Pompilius who established the Roman state religion and the gods which were worshipped. The state gods had major influences upon the Romans. There were 12 main state gods. Jupiter, who was the king of the gods and the enforcer of fate. Juno, his wife who was the queen of the gods and the goddess of womanly things. Mars, the god of war. Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and domestic fire. Neptune, god of the sea. Minerva, goddess of wisdom. Ceres, goddess of crop fertility. Diana, goddess of the hunt. Apollo, god of healing and prophecy. Venus, goddess of love and beauty. Mercury, the messenger of the gods and lastly Vulcan, god of uncontrollable fire and metalwork. These 12 gods each had their own temples and the Romans would give offerings to them there. The four most important gods within the main 12 were most likely Jupiter, Juno, Mars and Vesta. Jupiter was portrayed as being the Paterfamilias of the empire. He was the chief god and defender of the state and could be asked for help in war. The portrayal of Jupiter as the father of the empire meant that Romans looked to him for the health of the state. Juno as Jupiter’s wife could be seen as the Matrona of the nation. She was responsible for the birth rate of the nation as well as female concerns such as childbirth and marriage. Because of this she was often prayed to by the Roman women and was important in many ceremonies and rituals. Mars became important to the Romans in terms of empire building. He was seen as a protector and defender of Rome as well as a promoter of military victory and glory. He was prayed and sacrificed to for good success in war and conquests. Vesta was important in that she personified domestic fire which was essential for daily life. Her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins, attended to a fire that burned in her temple. It was believed that while the fire burned, Rome was safe. 3 The Romans were influenced by the state gods as they were able to ask the gods for help within the area of power that the god had control over. All of the 12 state gods, along with many other minor gods and goddesses were able to help the Romans through prayer and sacrifice. Prayer influenced the Romans as a prayer was the Romans way of contacting a deity. There were four distinct stages to a prayer. Firstly, they must persuade the god to listen. This was done by making sure the go was correctly identified. For example, a pregnant woman would pray to Juno Lucina, not just Juno. If the god isn’t correctly identified, they don’t have the obligation to listen and answer the prayer. Secondly, they must convince the god it is within their power to answer the prayer, either through flattery or by recalling similar deeds that the deity had done in the past. Thirdly, they would ask the god for what they wanted, making sure the request was humble. Lastly, they would promise an offering in return. 4 Prayers were made to the relevant deity. For example, a prayer for love would be made to Venus. If there was even the smallest mistake in the prayer, then this could be fatal to the fulfilment of the prayer. Prayer influenced the Romans as it led to the belief that if the Romans followed the correct prayer procedures then the gods would answer their prayer. This led to a contract style relationship. Often prayer was accompanied with sacrifice. For sacrifice, the animal or animals are selected and led to an alter outside the temple. Silence apart from a flute player’s music is called for. The priest then removes any decorations from the animal and sprinkles sacred flour over the animal and the knife. The person says the prayer and then the animal is struck over the head to stun it and its throat is slit. The blood and organs are collected while the rest of the meat was cooked and eaten. 4There was a number of specific things that the sacrifice has to follow. Most important was the selection of the animal. If the god was male hten the animal should be male and vice versa. If it was an underworld god then the animal should be black, otherwise it should be white. Also, the animal would have to be in perfect condition, otherwise it would offend the gods and likewise if the animal struggled through the ceremony. The sacrifice ritual was a way of establishing a route of communication with the deity. The prayer was used to send the request to the god. The god’s answer would be interpreted either from the inspecting of the organs or from the success or failure of the ceremony. For example, if the animal struggled while its throat was being slit then this would be a bad omen and a sign of the sacrifices failure. 6 Sacrifice influenced the Romans as they believed that in order for a god to do something for them, then they would have to give it an offering in return. This reinforced the contract style relationship with the gods that prayer created. Priests generally conducted sacrifice ceremonies and were responsible for other important matters in state religions. The priesthoods of Rome controlled Roman religion meaning they had large influences upon the Romans. There were two main priesthoods, Pontifices and Augurs. The pontifices were in charge of the running of the religion and of lesser priesthoods while the augurs were to make sure an action undertaken by the state had the approval of the gods. The head pontifice was the Pontifex Maximus. Julius Caesar assumed this role during his reign to control popular worship and Augustus followed this by taking the title. This trend continued with the title being given to the Roman emperors as it was deemed too important for an ordinary Roman citizen. 2 The pontiffs controlled worship and performed the important state ceremonies. They made the rules for public worship, regulated state events and had the power to punish inferior priests. Priesthoods which the pontiffs controlled included the flames and the vestal virgins as well as others. The flamines were priests that were assigned to a certain god or goddess. The flamines had to look after the temple and they performed the sacrificial rituals. The vestal virgins were responsible for caring for the fire that burned at Vesta’s temple. They also guarded special religions objects which were kept in Vesta’s temple. There were only six vestals at any one time that were chosen between the ages of 6-10. It was a great honour to be a vestal virgin. 4 Augurs interpreted the flight patterns of birds. They were consulted before any major state decisions were taken to ensure that the gods approved. If the augurs saw a sign that was a bad omen then the activity would be stopped or delayed. 4 Priesthoods influenced the Romans as they gave the wealthy opportunities for positions with powers and responsibilities. They also influenced Romans by offering a sense of prestige. For example, wealthy Roman whose daughter was a Vestal Virgin would be looked upon with great respect and admiration. As well as managing worship, priests also played a part in festivals and the religious calendar Roman festivals influenced the Romans by offering them an opportunity to worship their deities in a large scale. Roman festivals were controlled by the Roman calendar. About half the days on the Roman calendar were festivals or days of worship as the Romans didn’t have a weekend. Some of the festivals had a fixed day, while others could be moved (similar to our Easter) One of the most popular Roman festivals was the Lupercalia which occurred in February. It was a purification festival which promoted fertility. Two teams of young men would meet at a cave on the Palatine hill. Goats and a dog would be sacrificed and the two team leaders would have their foreheads smeared with their blood and milk. After this was done they had to let out a loud laugh. There would then be a feast where lots of wine was drunk and the young men wearing only the goats skins would race along to the bottom of the Palatine hill. They would use pieces of goatskin to whip anyone they met as they ran. This was believed to promote fertility. As well as festivals which occurred annually, special festivals could be held for crises. Crises could include war, famine, epidemics or bad omens. Festivals offered the Romans many things. They gave them days off work, excitement and something to look forward to and offered tradition. Most importantly they allowed for the worship of a deity by the whole state which would most likely ensure the goodwill of the gods. Festivals influenced Romans as they gave the Romans a break from their daily lives and allowed them to have fun while they worshipped their gods. While state religion offered a connection between the state and the gods, private religion offered the individual a chance to incorporate the gods into their daily lives. As state religion had its gods which guarded the state, so did private religion. The father of the family took on the role of ensuring that the family took the proper steps to ensure co-operation from the gods in their daily lives. It was important that the Romans received this co-operation and few Romans would make any major decisions in their lives without consulting the gods first. Most Romans felt they had a personal connection with one of the gods and it would be to this god that they would generally pray to for assistance. The four main household gods were the Genius, the Lares, the Penates and the Janus. The Genius was a spirit which protected the head of the household. The Genius would be honoured on the head of the household’s birthday. During Augustus’ reign, he created a cult to his Genius and turned this idea into a form of a state cult which developed into emperor worship. Worshipping the Genius showed the Romans respect towards the head of the household. The Lares represented the family’s ancestral spirits. They watched over the home and were the closest things the Romans had to personal gods. However, they didn’t have individual personalities and so remained anonymous and the Romans didn’t have a personal relationship with them. 3 The Lares were worshipped at the Lararium which was a small cupboard where small statuettes which represented the Lares stood as well as other precious items. Any offerings such as incense or wine could be placed in there. Worship of the Lares showed the Romans’ fear of death and the belief that they had to respect the dead encase they became haunted by them. The Penates watched over the pantry. The Romans honoured these spirits as they ensured that the family had enough food to eat each day. 9 The Penates alter was the hearth which they shared with Vesta. Worship of the Penates show the Romans belief that food is essential for survival and that without it starvation can occur. By worshipping the god of the pantry, they can show their thanks that they have food. The Janus was the spirit which guarded the doorway to the home. He had 2 faces and therefore could look in two different directions. He is unusual in that he is completely unique to Roman religion, unlike the majority of other Roman gods. The Janus was worshipped so that the Romans could give thanks to the gods for that their homes were protected. 10 Romans worshipped these gods to give thanks for their role in helping the Romans in their daily lives. Romans would give a small daily offering of thanks but on festival days the offering may be bigger and the help of that particular god would be celebrated. For example, the first day of every month was dedicated to the Janus and so a particular offering to the Janus may have been given on that day. Private religion is also seen throughout the Romans life through rites of passage and not just in daily worship. 4 Rites of passage celebrated the achievements of Romans such as surviving birth and getting married. The gods played a large role in these rites of passage and so it was important the Romans acknowledged their role. Childbirth was a dangerous and risky process in the ancient world. It was believed that the co-operation of the gods and in particular Juno Lucina was essential for its success. Rituals surrounding birth included the picking up f the baby by the father to accept it into the family, the ritual purification of the home by three men to cleanse the home of evil spirits and the offerings made to Juno and Hercules for thanks and protection. These rituals symbolise the uncertainties of childbirth and the belief by the Romans that they needed the gods’ assistance for the child to survive and that they had to give thanks for that assistance. To help protect the child from any evil spirits a bulla or protective amulet would be placed around their neck. 4 The next rite of passage where the gods played a major role was marriage. There were a number of rituals which took place within the marriage ceremony which were designed to ensure that the gods approved of the marriage. These included examining the organs of a sacrificed animal for any omens, the procession to the groom house where Fesceninne jesting took place to ward off evil spirits and bad luck and the carrying of the bride over the threshold to avoid her tripping which would be a bad omen. All of these rituals were to ensure that the gods approved of the marriage and that no bad spirits or omens would spoil the ceremony. 4 Death was the final rite of passage which a Roman went through. There were many rituals to ensure that the person got to the afterlife without the living becoming contaminated by contact with the dead. Some rituals from the funeral include, the laying of the dying person on the ground to symbolise their returning to the earth, the lighting of the pyre by a close relative who would turn his face away from the pyre so he wouldn’t be contaminated by evil spirits and the cleaning of the house and offerings to the Lares after the eight day mourning period. The Romans knew little about death and so were afraid of it. Performing these rituals made them feel that the dead person would be able to move into the afterlife and that the living wouldn’t be contaminated by the contact with the dead. All of these rites of passage, along with the daily sacrifices to the household gods show the influence of Roman gods on the Romans. 4 The fates were three goddesses who presided over the fate of the Romans. They were described as being in control of the spinning and the management of the thread of life. Clotho held the distaff, Lachesis turned the wheel and Atropos cut the thread. They were the daughters of Jupiter and Themis. They determined the length of a person’s life and any important incidents or events that may occur within their life. They had absolute power meaning that anything they said would happen would happen. The gods were able to meddle in this and change how the person arrived at that event but they couldn’t change the event or prevent it from happening. Jupiter was in charge of making sure that the gods didn’t prevent the events from happening. He did this as one of his roles as being the king of the gods was to enforce the will of fate. The fates were always of the same mind and they spared nobody. They affected both common and wealthy Romans. It was believed that the three of them symbolised that all things have a beginning, progress and an end. Fate influenced Romans in a number of ways. Firstly, fate meant that a Romans life was predetermined at birth which meant that the events in a Romans life were already determined. The Romans reacted to this in two ways. Firstly, although the main events in their life are predetermined, how these events happen and what happens in between them can be influenced by the gods. Because of this, they would still pray and sacrifice to the gods as they still wanted to ensure the goodwill of the gods. They didn’t take the attitude of ‘what’s going to happen will happen so there isn’t much point in asking the gods for help,’ as this was an arrogant attitude and may offend the gods. The second way they reacted was by trying to interpret omens which were sent by the gods so that they could have some control over their own life. They interpreted omens through divination. Forms of divination include augury, haruspicy, lightning, consulting the Sibylline Books astrology, dream interpretation and interpreting unsought omens. A Roman may have a dream that he is going to be a soldier. He would interpret this as an omen from the gods that he was fated to become a soldier and when he was ready, enlist. Even though fate is still happening and he is fulfilling his destiny by becoming a soldier, he knew it was going to happen which gave him control over his destiny. It was in this way that divination made the Romans feel that they had some control over a situation where their lives are completely planned for them and they have no free will. It was in these ways that fate influenced the Romans. The Roman gods and fate influenced the Romans in a number of ways. The state gods influenced prayer, sacrifice, priesthoods and festivals while the household gods affected Roman’s daily lives as well as the rites of passage which occurred throughout their lives. Fate influenced the Romans as it led to them using divination to try and discover what their fate might be. The influence of the gods and fate on the Romans is apparent in most aspects of their lives. Bibliography 1: http://www. roman-colosseum. info/roman-gods/ancient-roman-religion-ceremonies. htm (3) 2: These were the Romans second edition. G. I. F Tingay and J. Badcock. Published in 1989 by Hulton Educational. (12) 3: Class notes 4: Year 13 Classical studies study guide. Roman religion section written by Gwen Hunter. This edition published in 2006 by ESA Publications (NZ) Ltd. 5: http://www. roman-colosseum. info/roman-architecture/roman-temples. htm (5) 6: http://ic. galegroup. com/ic. whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow? displayGroupName=Referenceamp;disableHighlighting=trueamp;prodld=WHICamp;action=eamp;windowstate=normalamp;catld=amp;documentld=GALE%7CBT2357000084amp;mode=view (6) 7: http://www. roman-colosseum. info/roman-gods/roman-priests. tm (4) 8: An Introduction to the Romans. Lesley and Roy Adkins. Published by Eagle editions ltd in 2002. (8) 9: The Romans and their Gods. R. M. Ogilvie. Published by Hogarth Press in 1986 (13) 10: The Roman world people and places. Nigel Rodgers, consultant Dr Hazel Dodge FSA. Published by Lorenz books. (11) 11: http://www. roman-colosseum. info/roman-gods/the-fates. htm (1) [ 1 ]. http://www . roman-colosseum. info/roman-gods/ancient-roman-religion-ceremonies. htm [ 2 ]. These were the Romans second edition. G. I. F Tingay and J. Badcock

Free Essays on Public V. Private Schools

In today’s society, education is a necessity for anyone wanting to earn a decent living. Without a high school diploma, and more recently a college degree, a person will probably never be financially independent enough to enjoy most of life’s comforts. High school is a very important time in a student’s life. It is the time when a young person begins to think independently. It is also a time when teens are very impressionable and face tons of peer pressure. That is why the environment in which a young person attends high school plays a major role in who that person will develop into. Many parents are now choosing to send their children to private schools, as opposed to public schools, with the idea that their children will receive a better education and also have a greater chance of becoming successful. These ideas, however, are not always accurate. The following paper discusses the positive and negative attributes of public and private schools and include s my personal experience with a private parochial school. Public education has many perks to it. The greatest is probably the access to government funds. Some, if not most, public schools have state of the art computer labs, updated and renovated facilities, brand new uniforms for the athletic teams, and much more. Academically, public schools offer more classes and educational opportunities than private schools (with the exception of the upper class elite academies), largely in part to the financial resources available to them. It is believed that sending one’s child to a private school will insure that they receive a better education, which in turn will result in higher test scores on the ACT and SAT. This is not a true statement, however. Statistics have proven that the average scores of public high school students are higher than those of high school students attending private schools. Despite the numerous advantages of public schools, there are disa... Free Essays on Public V. Private Schools Free Essays on Public V. Private Schools In today’s society, education is a necessity for anyone wanting to earn a decent living. Without a high school diploma, and more recently a college degree, a person will probably never be financially independent enough to enjoy most of life’s comforts. High school is a very important time in a student’s life. It is the time when a young person begins to think independently. It is also a time when teens are very impressionable and face tons of peer pressure. That is why the environment in which a young person attends high school plays a major role in who that person will develop into. Many parents are now choosing to send their children to private schools, as opposed to public schools, with the idea that their children will receive a better education and also have a greater chance of becoming successful. These ideas, however, are not always accurate. The following paper discusses the positive and negative attributes of public and private schools and include s my personal experience with a private parochial school. Public education has many perks to it. The greatest is probably the access to government funds. Some, if not most, public schools have state of the art computer labs, updated and renovated facilities, brand new uniforms for the athletic teams, and much more. Academically, public schools offer more classes and educational opportunities than private schools (with the exception of the upper class elite academies), largely in part to the financial resources available to them. It is believed that sending one’s child to a private school will insure that they receive a better education, which in turn will result in higher test scores on the ACT and SAT. This is not a true statement, however. Statistics have proven that the average scores of public high school students are higher than those of high school students attending private schools. Despite the numerous advantages of public schools, there are disa...

Simple Fermer (to Close) Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Fermer (to Close) Verb Conjugations in French In French, the verb  fermer  means to close. To make this infinitive verb more useful and construct complete sentences, we need to conjugate it. This lesson will show you how thats done so you can use it in the form of closed or closing, among other simple verb forms. Conjugating the French Verb  Fermer Among all the French verb conjugations, those that end in -er  are the easiest to conjugate for the simple fact that there are so many of them.  Fermer  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows the same pattern as  fà ªter  (to celebrate),  donner  (to give), and countless others. It becomes easier with each new verb you learn. Identifying the verb stem is always the first step in conjugations. For  fermer  that is  ferm-. To this, we add a variety of infinitive endings that pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense for the sentence. For instance, I am closing is je ferme and we will close is nous fermerons. It will definitely help your  memory if you  practice these in context. Subject Present Future Imperfect je ferme fermerai fermais tu fermes fermeras fermais il ferme fermera fermait nous fermons fermerons fermions vous fermez fermerez fermiez ils ferment fermeront fermaient The Present Participle of  Fermer The  present participle  of fermer  is  fermant. This is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. Its an adjective as well as a verb, noun, or gerund. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to express the past tense closed in French. To construct this, begin with the subject pronoun and a conjugation of the  auxiliary verb  avoir, then add the  past participle  fermà ©. For example, I closed is jai fermà © while we closed is nous avons fermà ©. More Simple  Fermer  Conjugations to Learn When the act of closing is in some way questionable, the subjunctive verb form is used. In a similar manner, the conditional verb mood implies that the closing will only happen if something else does as well. You will find the passà © simple in formal writing. Learning both it and the imperfect subjunctive will do wonders for your reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je ferme fermerais fermai fermasse tu fermes fermerais fermas fermasses il ferme fermerait ferma fermà ¢t nous fermions fermerions fermà ¢mes fermassions vous fermiez fermeriez fermà ¢tes fermassiez ils ferment fermeraient fermà ¨rent fermassent In short, direct requests and demands, use the imperative form. When doing so, theres no need to include the subject pronoun: simplify tu ferme down to ferme. Imperative (tu) ferme (nous) fermons (vous) fermez

Children education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Children education - Essay Example What makes it an important skill for children to gain is because it is one of the most significant factors in education. Without reading, there can be no effective education, at least not the formal kind. As children develop their reading skills, school education becomes easier as they are able to read and understand written instructions. What is more, with reading comes a sense of wonder; children are able to read stories and learn of lands and things new to them. This enables them to learn more. The article by Meier, a male first grade elementary school teacher, along with relating his experience as a school teacher, also brings to light his joy in teaching young children to read and write. He relates his joy at being able to teach a child to write his name, as well sharing the experience of reading children’s stories with his students. Whereas Pam Krueger’s article basically gives tips on how to get children reading – she talks about how to encourage children at home as well as how parents can promote their children’s interest in reading by reading to them. Though the articles seem different in tone, however, both of them involve educating children and getting them to read. My personal experience with reading has also been of a similar nature. Through my reading, I have been able to learn a lot about the world around me as well as about various subjects of my interest. It is through my habit of reading that I have been able to improve and enhance my English language skills. English is not my first language, and though it seemed quite daunting at first, with my habit of reading, I soon became quite familiar with the language. It is because of my reading that my English has improved this much. It is clear that reading does a lot in improving one’s language skills. It is through reading that correct grammar and diction can be learned, and it is through reading that vocabulary can be expanded. However, apart from its linguistic related

UNIX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UNIX - Essay Example Now however we are presented with the 3D interface that somehow accusingly is deemed not viable. The 3D interface has been hailed as the road to incredible virtual landscape discovery. It couples sound and graphic and enables a faster multiple file copying and file location. The purpose of this paper is to examine the phenomenon of 3D feature in the operating systems of Mac OS, the widespread Linux, Windows and more emphatically UNIX. Apart from its impact on the IT world we will consider a review and evaluation of multiple desktops, program launchers, file browsers, task switchers from a 3D standpoint. The UNIX system has sold incredible number of software to a host of other software developers from Linux, Solaris, to Mac OS X. in fact their development are as a result of a component of the UNIX system. Since the UNIX operating system is to a very large extent engaged in compliance certification, multitasking, multiple users, its position is solid. Most other applications mentioned earlier depend on the UNIX system server. The UNIX operating system was instrumental in the launch of the Win3D beta version interface that created a renaissance in the whole 3D environment. The basic principle was to multi task the desktop to perform more than one job than it traditionally performed. UNIX therefore provided businesses and advertisers online a well primed tool for increasing sales and entering a new dawn of marketing endeavor. The other aspect was introduction of a 3D interface that was cheap and functional in possession of a head tracking device. It also uses a WII Remote. The strength of this interface is its usage in the solid UNIX interface. The UNIX system holds some of the most incredible 3D animation, 3D ant attack and other 3D games. Linux as an operating system was developed from a minute UNIX constituent called Minix.

Internal and external analysis of Kelloggs

Internal and external analysis of Kelloggs In this assignment Im going to make an external analysis and an internal analysis of the Kelloggs company. Im going to choose four tools to make the all analysis. For the external analysis I will do PESTEL and Porters five force models and for the internal analysis I will do the Value chain and a benchmarking on Cereal SBU Presentation of the organization Kellogg Company is the United States largest cereal-Maker. In 1898, Will Keith and John Harvey give birth to the famous breakfast cereal Kelloggs Corn Flakes. Thanks to the success of the products Will Keith create in 1906 the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company. Kellogg is the leading producer of breakfast cereals in the world. It takes places in 18 countries and sells it products in more than 180 countries. Between 1938 and the present day Kellogg opened manufacturing plants in the UK, Canada, Australia, Latin America and Asia. Kellogg produce a wide range of cereal product including the well-know brand of Kelloggs corn flakes, rice krispies, special K , fruit n fibre, as well as the nuti-grain cereal bars. The philosophy was improved diet leads to improved health Kellogg company mission statement: Kellogg is a Global Company Committed to Building Long-Term Growth in Volume and Profit and to Enhancing its Worldwide Leadership Position by Providing Nutritious Food Products of Superior Value Analysis of Kelloggs external environment Analysis of Macro-environment influences through the PESTEL model The headquarter of Kellogg company is currently base in Battle Creek in the Michigan. I will base my PESTEL analysis in the country of the USA Political : Reforms for the problem of obesity in USA (wide problem) US focus on cereal products in the level of 17% of the food market(2000) Economical : The deterioration of general economic activity and the contraction of the food market have not been without consequences for the food industry .Faced with financial difficulties and difficulties of access People doesnt have money to buy expressive food because of the decrease of salary. High unemployment rate : 9,00%( january 2011) GDP in 2009:14  266  milliards of $ Curent Deft: 6% of GDP Increase of the inflation rate:1,5% Decrease of the money , low rate of the dollar Hard competition between the breakfast and snack brands Decrease of all the sales in cereal market (began in 2005 with less 0, 4%) Social : Population of USA: 312.061.000 people increase of obesity rate so the cereal market develop the sector of light food Lack of time to take a breakfast: American people would like some easy to transport at work or at school to eat. The increase in the Third Age population group (due to better living conditions and better health care) will decrease the sales of Kellogg children product and down growth for adult products. Importance of the health, safety People want to be inform on what people it Technological : Innovation on the cereal market: different package, small bar (snack), resealable package (or close package) Recycling package Innovation in communication and advertising level Scientific progress on the health- diet food Increase the cost of RD Kelloggs did a matrix Sustainability ingredients Environmental : Development of the biologic and natural food Development of ecologic packaging, and recyclable packaging to avoid the waste Legal : environnemental charter Health claims is becoming more prevalent with the increase of the power of American heath associations. Globalization creates homogeneity of consumer behaviour. Globalization is a key driver for standardization. This sector of tourism has to take into account the requirements of global customers. (Standardize the food, the drink, the activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Because of this standardization competition increases between firms within the tourism sector. This price war will lead to decrease price. The five porters force Analysis Industry competitor: In the market industry four large companies are dominant (Kellogg, Nestlà ©, MDD and Jordans). Its an oligopolistic situation (a small number of sellers and a large number of applicants). The competition between the organizations is high and intense because of the price principally. Threat of a Substitution: there are many substitutes because of private label Threat of entry: The cereal industry is oligopolistic, so is very difficult for other firm to enter in this sector. If firm want to penetrate this market he has to have competitive prices, and has to make marketing communication and promotion to attract consumers Bargaining power of buyers: the power of buyer is low in the cereal industry; consumers dont have a deep impact. Bargaining power of suppliers: the power of suppliers is low because the importance of the market shares of private labels. They do exactly the products in cheaper prices. Suppliers can buy product independently. Source: Adapted from Porter M (1998, cited by Johnson G al, 2008) Analysis of Kelloggs internal environment (internal strategy) The Kelloggs value chain Support Activities Firm infrastructure: In order to maintain a good satisfaction level from its clients, Kellogg uses several services and the entire organisation is flexible. Quality Control Finance Accounting Information system(internal communication) : high level Kelloggs has an intranet to expose the information of the firm Legal service : the law concerning the production of the product Logistical support (restoration) Planning : Provide a planning to clients and Anticipate customers needs Human Resources Management: The company allows a dynamic of human resources management policy. For doing that well, Kellogg establish a model wish name is Kellogg business leaders model (KBLM).It is the base of everyone in Kellogg industry, it improves the competencies of each works and allow to progress in the company. This model is one of the most important competitive advantage, it allow adding value to the firm. Recruitment policy: Kellogg is looking for talent workers to develop new products and give freedom to do innovation. It does recruitment on international dimension. Training: Kellogg establishes the standing coaching to help workers to improve future operations and profitability. Kellogg is developing  plan  for  individual career to respond to the workers needs (new skills) The innovation is one of the most important sectors that Kellogg develops; it gives time to worker just to think about innovation. Performance measure Kellogg measuring performance and make feedback to add value Add value Kellogg motivates employees in giving merit reward when they perform. Technology Development: RD for products The innovation is a part of Kelloggs culture, it is the most important cereal heathcare company The development of products aimed at meeting consumers health and nutrition needs. The development of products packaging to ameliorate the communication for consumer and his comfort (when he use the product) Innovation on the image of health cereal: cereal for men target. Innovation the type of product(museli, cereal) Innovation to keep the iron in the cereal culture Innovation to give notoriety and visibility of the product The company has announced that it is testing the possibility of using lasers to etch the companys  name into corn flakes to let customers know they are eating a genuine Kellogs product(geek.com) Innovation in communication all around the world Procurement: To achieve economies of scale, purchasing division negotiate with suppliers to obtain group rates to reduce reduce cost and save time on delivery. Inbound Logistics: Kellogg calls the best suppliers and partners in term of cost efficiency, maintain the quality of the products. The suppliers are responsible (deal with) all the tasks upstream.( packaging, manufacturing, transportation management services, logistics management services and supplier management/procureme nt) the inbound logistic is automatic , evry part of the production is automated. Operations: Kellogg has un structure for all operation system very flexible. Kellogg set up On office in each country of the world. So Kellogg can manage the transformation between the raw material and the final product Outbound logistics: The distribution of the products to consumers (end user) is doing via a multi-layers channel system. The different channel of distribution allows comforting the consumers during the purchase. (distribution on retail, hypermarket and supermarket in general) Marketing and sales: All the consumers are familiar with the Kelloggs brand and Kellogg cereal. Kellogg company make sponsorships locally to height brand awareness. Thank to that Kellogg cereal are famous in all around the world. Kelloggs cereal use sometime promotion to reduce the price and increase the purchase. Kellogg  has managed  to  establish itself  in  almost  all   supermarkets  and  hypermarkets  in the world Services: Kellogg  offers  several   services  that  can   enhance  these  product to  the  consumer. Kellogg offering outstanding customer services( promotion to attract people and to loyaty the consumer with a relational   communication program  across all  brands  for adults and children,  built around a  mini-consumer Primary Activities Benchmarking To do this benchmark we are going to take the Kelloggs human resources sector and we will compare with Nestlà © human resource (Nestlà © is the principal competitor). Kelloggs Nestlà © HR culture Goal: add value thanks to innovation HR program: Kellogg business leaders model Kellogg join the high ethical standards -Freedom in the post HR program:Principles  of  Conduct Nestlà ©s business relationships between employees Communication is the principal factor of the HR policy. Equity between employees has to be respected. Give responsibility to employees Non freedom in the post Selection recruitment Kellogg is looking for talent workers Human Diversity attract and loyalty future employees(long term contract) Recruitment on the personality and professional skills develop a long term relationship. Training and Development Trainee program Personal development and team development Tainting program -Personal development Pay Benefit employee rewarding benefit: adaptation of working hours Employees social security. wage level( inferior to superior) Equity Financial compensation allows motivating employees. Participation/employee relation/communication -Power of employees unions -participation in important decisions. Every employee has got a personal responsibility in the company. -Importance of employee association.

How safe is artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is the idea that computer systems can have the intelligence of a human. This means a computer system could think, communicate and do many things we humans do in our everyday life. For there to be artificial intelligence, humans must create it and develop it. We humans are the creators of artificial intelligence and many people think if we overdevelop it, it could one day lead to chaos. Many people think that if one-day artificial intelligence gained the same intelligence as humans, they could decide to go against humanity and destroy us. Steven Hawkins suggests that artificial intelligence could someday wipe out humanity when it gets too clever as we will be like ants compared to the computer systems. Artificial intelligence is already growing at a very fast rate. Google’s car is a great example of artificial intelligence since Google have developed driverless cars, especially Toyota. They have programmed the cars to drive without the use of human interaction. This already proves that artificial intelligence is growing at a very fast speed. Although it’s accurate to say that it’s hard to measure the risk of danger with artificial intelligence. Like driverless cars, they could one day be infected with a virus which could make the car do things it shouldn’t for example crash and this could be very dangerous. Artificial intelligence can have many benefits which help us every day for example GPS, they calculate our routes, time it takes to get to target destination and the fastest route possible. Computer systems are also beneficial in terms of calculating mathematically compared to humans where it could possibly take days, weeks or even months to calculate for something. A computer system can calculate something and complex situations in a matter of seconds. Computer systems can also model many real life situations and help to make decisions just like humans. Artificial intelligence can be very dangerous in some cases. We could say that if AI gained the same intelligence as humans and was able to make rational decisions, they could decide to overtake and rule the world since they are ‘smarter’ and will only get ‘smarter’ than humans. There would be a conflict between the human race and AI. It’s fair to say these are just opinions and theories since we cannot accurately measure the risk of AI until the day of its awakening. There are many movies which are based on AI and influence the publics’ ideology of AI. Movies such as terminator and I, Robot represent AI in a negative aspect which could lead people to believe AI is dangerous. People are not to blame for their ideology since the media can influence their values and beliefs. One again, hackers could use their knowledge to get access into the AI and control it to their own advantage and do many things. Depending on how lethal the AI can be, the hacker could harm civilians or even participate in an act that could cost owners their life or money. For example, a hacker hacking into someone’s car and making it turn off in middle of a motor way could lead to danger as motor ways are usually driven by many cars with fast speed. Errors and glitches are very common when it comes to technology and applications therefore it could be said that AI may sometimes malfunction and cause a problem which could yet again harm the protection of someone’s life. Christian, L. (Aug, 28, 2015). Is Artificial Intelligence Really A Threat To Humanity. Tech Times, P1. Violence isn’t the only threat to humanity. It is said that humans could implement AI within latest technology for example facial recognition. This could be a threat to many people as systems would be able to recognize you and even find out who are related to you based on traits such as your appearance, body position and the way you move. Voice recognition could also be used to recognize your identity and can also be used to find relatives. Christian also mentioned that we should consider how ‘long’ it would actually take for AI to be a threat to humanity since it would take decades for AI to reach the super intelligent level. It’s also important that humans focus on the counter measures and techniques to monitor AI to prevent them one day from taking over. Since we are humans, we are the ones who create AI which means we have control over it and can modify it therefore we can always implement security measures just in case AI turns against us. This is the advantage we humans have. It’s the ability to control the AI however if AI learns how to outsmart humans, then it would be unfortunate as the AI would be able to counter and modify the programming code that was implemented within it. EDWARD, M G. (2015). The Bulletin Forums. Artificial intelligence is just exaggerated and it just distracts us from the threats we face currently. ANTHONY, C. (October 7, 2015). Ib Times. Artificial intelligence program ConceptNet matches 4-year old child in IQ test, P1. This proves to us we still have a long time left until AI really can overpower humans but at this current stage, as of 2015 the AI have been revealed to have the IQ level of children. This can be really reassuring to people who were afraid of AI developing too fast. It seems we have a long time left. It will take a lot of trial and error to update AI in order for it to get a higher IQ score. However, this proves to the world that AI has finally been able to gain the intelligence of a child which is a big clue and hints that it’s developing gradually, and one day it will have superior intelligence. If AI keeps progressing at this rate, then the future may have something surprising waiting for them.

The Lost Secret of Fast Food Persuasive Essay Topics

The Lost Secret of Fast Food Persuasive Essay Topics Fast Food Persuasive Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Unique essays have various peculiarities and requirements, and you ought to keep them all in mind when working on your paper. Persuasive essays share a whole lot of resemblance with argumentative essays. A persuasive essay is a powerful tool when you want to supply a new vision of a specific topic for the reader. Educated people ought to be asked to volunteer as literacy tutors. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. The same as an argumentative essay, a persuasive paper demands an adequate amount of expertise and knowledge of a particular field. Thus, there are a significant few essay topics that you are able to discuss from the perspective of unique spheres of our life in your fast food essay. Either way, it is sometimes a great concept to get students write persuasive essays about fast food. Okay, you own a topic, a working thesis statement, and a couple quick food articles to begin your research. Then you have to offer some background information concerning the topic of your paper. There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Normally, having three important arguments to show your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. Sure, with this kind of a substantial number of topics to select from, picking just one may be challenging. These points illustrate how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step. Fast Food Persuasive Essay Topics Secrets Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. Food is an intriguing subject to write about together with important. Children should be asked to read more. How to Choose Fast Food Persuasive Essay Topics Preservatives utilized in foods could possibly be carcinogenic. Vegetables, for example, provide nutrients needed in maintaining excellent health. Eating vegetables and fruits in massive quantities helps to lower the potential of developing chronic diseases like diabetes. Obesity results from an excessive amount of fat in our entire body. Fast foods significantly save in time. Healthy foods also boost the total body appearance. All About Fast Food Persuasive Essay Topics Recycling should be mandatory for everybody. Healthy food also increases an individual's likelihood of living longer. Many Americans watch plenty of reality TV shows. People are now overly determined by technology. Sleep deprivation in big cities is a famous problem, and people are gradually getting more mindful of the significance of sleep. A survival program should grow to be a must-have for each and every family in the event of natural disasters. Nevertheless, it would be difficult to argue that the procedure requires quite a little time and concentration. Students return late to class, there's insufficient room for everybody, and speedy food is extremely unhealthy.

Uncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe - 901 Words

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a story that described the real life plight of an American Slave. Kentucky farmer George Shelby amassed enormous debts and faces the possibility of losing everything he owns. To settle his debts he makes the decision to sell two of his slaves, Uncle Tom and Eliza’s son Harry. Eliza is a young, beautiful quadroon girl who George Shelby’s wife took on as a daughter. Eliza overhears a conversation between George Shelby and his wife concerning the impending sale of her precious son Harry, and Uncle Tom. Eliza warns Uncle Tom to take heed and flee to the north in the hopes of attaining freedom in Canada with her son and husband George. Haley, the slave owner who attempted to purchase her son†¦show more content†¦Shelby returns to his farm and emancipates all his slaves; he proclaims Uncle Tom’s cabinet a monument of sorts. The story takes place around the 1850’s in the American South, Louisian a and Kentucky. During this era in the south, slavery was at its peak. Harriet Beecher Stowe was the author of the novel; her sole reason for writing the book was to further the anti-slavery campaign. It has been said her novel laid the foundation for the American Civil War. Uncle Tom’s Cabinis an expository novel on the realities and hardships associated with slavery during this era. The book was written in support of the abolitionist movement so to a great extent, a bias does exist in the favor of the emancipation of slave labor. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel was a fiction piece based on the non-fiction realities of slavery. During this period, African-Americans were regarded as inferior beings, only capable of work and birthing children. Some slave-owner harbored no prejudices towards black slaves but participated in slave ownership because it was commonplace. In the novel, Master St. Clare and his sister Ophelia discussed their viewpoints about slavery. St. Clare admitted the sole reason he practiced slavery was due to the acceptance of slave ownership in American culture during that era. Although St. Clare was a slave owner, he did not discriminate against people of color. Ophelia was not a participant in slave ownership but she